Carrying large fuel loads during sustained bird flight is cheaper than expected
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
calculation of aircraft aerodynamic loads during operational flight
in this research, the calculation method of aerodynamic loads on an airplane in all flight situations is presented. in order to find an calculation equation for aerodynamic loads on an airplane in all flight conditions, the f-5 aircraft is selected as a prototype is divided into one hundred small parts longitudinally. therefore, the numerical solutions are taken place in different conditions of...
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The 'crossover' and 'lactate shuttle' concepts of substrate utilization in humans during exercise are extended to describe metabolic responses on other mammalian species. The 'crossover concept' is that lipid plays a predominant role in sustaining efforts requiring half or less aerobic capacity (VO2max); however, greater relative efforts depend increasingly on blood glucose and muscle glycogen ...
متن کاملThe energy cost of loaded flight is substantially lower than expected due to alterations in flight kinematics.
The effect of experimentally increased wing loading on the energy cost of flight was examined in cockatiels Nyphicus hollandicus. Five individuals were flown for periods of approximately 2 min, while carrying additional payload mass amounting to between 5 and 20% of unloaded body mass. The energy cost of flight was measured using the 13C-labelled bicarbonate technique, which was also calibrated...
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The SGD-QN algorithm described in (Bordes et al., 2009) contains a subtle flaw that prevents it from reaching its design goals. Yet the flawed SGD-QN algorithm has worked well enough to be a winner of the first Pascal Large Scale Learning Challenge (Sonnenburg et al., 2008). This document clarifies the situation, proposes a corrected algorithm, and evaluates its performance.
متن کاملBiomechanics of bird flight.
Power output is a unifying theme for bird flight and considerable progress has been accomplished recently in measuring muscular, metabolic and aerodynamic power in birds. The primary flight muscles of birds, the pectoralis and supracoracoideus, are designed for work and power output, with large stress (force per unit cross-sectional area) and strain (relative length change) per contraction. U-s...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 2001
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/35099556